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Most Haunted
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Member Registered: 10-23-07
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Hey Luvsjeter you never know. maybee its a ghost emptying her tank. or maybee they forgot theyre purse in the locker room
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Senior Member Registered: 10-29-06
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Anytime, babs. I too think those kind of things may go on more often than we think.
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Member Registered: 10-23-07
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Nope, no cold spots. Seemed to be just a normal event, someone opens a door and enters, then the door closed.
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Member Registered: 10-21-07
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I enjoyed your story Babs. One has to wonder why more ghosts aren't seen in hospitals considering the rate of medical error in this Country and the policy of non-disclosure. One doesn't have to go back very far before the body count exceeds one million. Seems to me a common thread in many ghost stories is an untimely death complicated by factors which served to conceal the truth regarding the circumstances which surrounded the death. Now we all know silence can conceal the truth as well as any lie so what does someone accomplish by keeping their mouth shut when they find themselves burdened with knowledge of a medical error that resulted in death? I'm not asking why they keep quiet. I'm questioning the result.
Some sources suggest medical error is the fifth leading cause of death in this country(Ethical Issues Involved in Disclosing Medical Errors, JAMA, Vol 286; No 9, Sep 5, 2001, page 1078). There have been a number of studies which have attempted to estimate the annual death toll in this country. The studies produce estimates which reveal an astounding number of Americans die each year as a result of medical error. One study estimates 180,000.(Error in Medicine,JAMA, Vol 272, No 23, Dec 21, 1994, Page 1851). (This estimate can also be found at: http://www7.nationalacademies.org/bms/Leape_Abstract.html). The report this estimate was based upon is titled, Incidence of Adverse Events and Negligence in Hospitalized Patients, Results of the Harvard Medical Practice Study I.(N Engl J Med 1991; Vol 324, No 6, pages 370-376). The report was published in 1991 and for a time was considered by some to be a reliable estimate of the annual death toll. Others however questioned the estimates and suggested the numbers are even higher. In 1997 an article in The Lancet, titled, An alternative strategy for studying adverse events in medical care, suggested a review of medical records may not provide an accurate estimate of medical errors and suggested The Harvard Medical Study was not designed for the purpose of estimating medical errors in this country. In part the article states, There is a growing published work of empirical investigations of the epidemiology of adverse events in the hospital setting. The most far-reaching research project studying adverse events to date has been the Harvard study of 30,121 New York hospital patients records. The investigators defined adverse events according to a legal-policy model since their goal in measuring the event rate in hospitals was to determine the feasibility of a no-fault system of compensation for medical malpractice. They required that two physicians agreed that an incident was an adverse event and that the event caused serious harm. The investigators noted that because we wanted to assess only injuries that might have been covered by the tort system or broader compensation schemes we did not label errors, however egregious, as adverse events unless they resulted in disability. Using their stringent criteria, they found that 3.7% of records described such errors. Unfortunately, in legal-policy debates in the USA, the Harvard study's results have been generalised to circumstances far beyond the study design. The proportion of patients in the Harvard study who experienced adverse events are multiplied over the entire population of patients in the USA and then displayed as an inclusive account of how many patients have errors in their care. This underestimates the error rate in three important ways. First, it only considers patients whose errors resulted in a specified level of harm. Second, it only includes errors that are documented in patient records. Third, it underestimates the number of patients with potential legal claims because, since it only takes one credible expert witness in the USA to prove the case for a patient, the two-physician standard of the Harvard study does not mirror what actually occurs in the courts.(The Lancet, Vol 349, No 9048, Feb 1, 1997, pages 309-313). The Harvard Medical Practice Study was not the last study to use medical record review as a means of estimating the rate of medical error. A study in Utah and Colorado of 15,000 randomly selected 1992 hospital discharges also used record review to identify medical errors.(Costs of Medical Injuries in Utah and Colorado, Inquiry, Vol 36, Fall 1999 pages 255-264). A report issued in 2000 by the Institute of Medicine titled, To Err is Human, estimated that anywhere between 44,000 to 98,000 Americans die each year because of medical errors. This report cited the Utah Colorado Medical Practice Study and suggested it implied 44,000 Americans die each year due to medical error. It then references the New York study as suggesting the number may be as high as 98,000. The Utah Colorado Study, like the New York Study before it, was an effort to determine the feasability of alternative forms of patient compensation for adverse events. In part the study states; As part of an effort to provide information to policymakers in Colorado and Utah, we recently estimated the 1992 incidence of adverse events and preventable adverse events in those states. Using methods very similar to those used in the Harvard Medical Practice Study we found that adverse event rates in Utah and Colorado were similar to those in New York. In contrast to the New York study, we measured the number of preventable adverse events in addition to the smaller group of negligent events. Because interest groups in Utah and Colorado were considering alternative forms of patient compensation for adverse events, we also calculated the costs of adverse events and preventable adverse events. The goals of this analysis were to provide an estimate of the national costs of adverse events, to find out which adverse events were most expensive, and to determine which parts of our health care system were most affected by the costs of adverse events. Such information can assist policymakers and researchers in determining where to focus future research and prevention efforts.(Costs of Medical Injuries in Utah and Colorado, Inquiry, Vol 36, Fall 1999, pages 255-264). Some have suggested record review is not a reliable means of measuring error rates. In regards to the Utah Colorado study one study suggested record review is highly sensitive to the degree of consensus and confidence among the reviewers and the fact that the records came from two states (Utah and Colorado) that may not be generalizable to other geographic locations.(The Reliability of Medical Record Review for Estimating Adverse Event Rates, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol 136, No 11, Jun 4, 2002, pages 812-816). What is meant by the statement that Utah and Colorado may not be generalizable to other geographic locations? Every year in early September, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) publishes a Medical Education issue. There's always two sets of Appendix tables; one for undergraduate medical education and one for graduate medical education. Information contained within these issues includes the number of residents and fellows training in each state. New York trains about 1 out of every 7 residents or fellows. Utah and Colorado train far fewer. Is there a connection between teaching hospitals and an increased frequency of medical error? I believe there may be. New York is the only state in the nation that limits resident work hours. New York State limits the working hours of physicians enrolled in residency training programs to no more than 80 hours per week, averaged over a four-week period. Residents are also limited to working no more than 24 consecutive hours in a given day. I can't think of another industry that could require anyone to work this many hours. How could anyone not recognize how hazardous this can be? An incident involving the death of an 18 year old girl in a New York hospital in 1984 prompted these limits to resident work hours. The New York Study and Utah Colorado Study were attempts to determine the feasability of alternative forms of compensation for victims of medical errors in their respective states. The review of randomly selected medical records from any one of the three states can not be used to determine the frequency of medical errors on a national level. New York is on one end of the spectrum with an extremely large number of teaching hospitals, while Utah and Colorado are closer to the other end of that spectrum. Extrapolating the data nationwide can only result in a skewed result. In addition, the studies involved only hospitalized patients. Hospitals are only a part of the Health Care Delivery System in this country. Consequently, the studies can only claim to measure the number of medical errors that have occurred during hospitalization in each of the respective states. Not the frequency of medical error nationwide. Ordinarily, when someone wants to know how many people die each year from any one cause they turn to the World Health Organization. The W.H.O. publishes the World Health Statistics Annual listing causes of death and how many victims died in each of the listed categories. If you turn to that book to find the number of people who died from medical error in any Country you'll find medical error is not recognized as a cause of death by the World Health Organization. Motor Vehicle Accidents are considered a reportable cause of death however. So is homicide. I guess the W.H.O. is not concerned so much with the accuracy of their statistics. Babs, I'm wondering if this post is too large. I'll ask you a few questions and close this. Do you believe consciousness continues after death? If so, do you think non-disclosure has a negative effect on an individual after they've passed as a result of medical error? I know you believe you've seen a ghost in the hallway of your hospital. Do you think ghosts are evidence of life after death? The one thing that always puzzled me about ghosts is the clothes they wear. I mean, I can buy into the idea that we are all made up of an energy that can not be destroyed. So shouldn't a ghost appear as just that energy? Instead people always want to tell you what they saw the ghost wearing. Why aren't they naked? |
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Senior Member Registered: 10-31-05
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The image that babs saw wasn't a patient. It was wearing scrubs. I doubt it was a wronged patient.
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Member Registered: 10-21-07
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I never suggested her ghost was a patient.
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Member Registered: 10-21-07
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I figured out why the link doesn't work. I put it inside parenthesis. The tail end got caught up in the URL. Ugh.
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